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About The Book
Biochemistry deals with the chemical reactions take place in the body of human, plant, animal, or microorganism. It has many applications to the disciplines of pharmacy, veterinary, agriculture, bioengineering and technology.
This textbook has been prepared as per the syllabus by the Pharmacy Council of India. The syllabus is a blend of pure and applied aspects of biochemistry. This book has been developed with a new orientation so that the importance and significance of the application of biochemistry to pharmacy is empasized. The book contains pre-digested information on biochemistry for good understanding for good understanding, assimilation and reproducibility. The book equips basic as well as applied aspects. Some extra topics have been included which are beyond the syllabus.
The language has been kept simple to understanding the concepts with ease.
Content
1. BIOCHEMICALS
Introduction
Classification
Chemical nature and biological role of bioenergetics
Types of bioenergetics reactions
Major bioenergetic processes
Bioenergetics relationship between free energy, enthalpy and entropy
Carbohydrated
Classification of carbohydrates
Fructose
Structure of fructose
Nucleic acids
Amino acids
Proteins
Synthesis of proteins
2. BIOENERGETICS
Concept of free energy
Exergonic reactions
Endergonic reactions
Free energy
Enthalpy
Bond enthalpy
Entropy
Redox potential
Energy rich compounds
Types of high energy bonds
Biological significances of ATP
Biochemical functions of ATP
Biological significances of cyclic AMP
3. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Introduction
Glycolysis pathway
Major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism
Energetics and significance of glycolysis
Energetics and significance citric acid cycle
Energetics and significance HMP shunt
Glycogen metabolism pathways
Glycogen storage diseases (GSD)
Gluconeogenesis pathway
Significance of gluconeogenesis
Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level
Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin resistance
4. BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
Introduction
Biological oxidation
Significance of biological oxidation
Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level
Diabetes Mellitus
Electron transport chain (ETC)
Mechanism of ETC
Oxidative phosphorylation
Mechanism and substrate phosphorylation inhibitors
Uncouplers level
Lipid metabolism
5. LIPID METABOLISM
Β-oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid)
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; Ketoacidosis
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)
Biological significance of cholesterol and Conversion of cholesterol into bile acids
Steroid hormone and vitamin D Disorders of lipid metabolism
Hypercholesterolemia
6. AMINO ACID METABOLISM
General reactions of amino acid metabolism
Transamination, deamination and decarboxylation,urea cycle and its disorders
Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders
(Phenyketonuria, Albinism, alkeptonuria, tyrosinemia)
Synthesis and significance of biological substances
5-HT, melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline
Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice
7. NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM AND GENETIC INFORMATION TRANSFER
Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
Catabolism of purine nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout disease
Organization of mammalian genome
Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions
DNA replication
(semi conservative model)
Transcription or RNA synthesis
Genetic code
Translation or Protein synthesis and inhibitors
8 ENZYMES
Introduction
Properties, nomenclature
IUB classification of enzymes
Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot)
Enzyme inhibitors with examples Regulation of enzymes
Enzyme induction and repression
Allosteric enzymes regulation
Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes
Isoenzymes
Coenzymes – Structure and biochemical functions
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